《EMBA》2011年2月
作者：Patrick Litre、Alan Bird、Gib Carey、Paul Meehan

新的年度开始，你希望公司变得更灵活、更创新、更团队合作？不论公司想要进行什么改变，都需要全体同仁愿意从心里拥抱这个改变，并在行为上实际投入变革行动。成功的变革，该从哪里着手？一般人对变革又有哪些迷思？

The best of intentions are never enough. Your goal is to lose 10 pounds and get fit. You invest in the latest home gym device and install it in your basement. And there it sits-while you lounge on the couch, wondering why you're not getting into better shape.

By setting up the equipment, you've mastered the first of three important stages toward achieving a goal: installation. But the second stage-realization-requires taking steps you hadn't really considered, drawing up an exercise plan, for instance, or enlisting a coach, or getting over the hump and spending eight or 12 weeks actually using the equipment. Of course, it doesn't end there. Once you've taken those steps and realized the results you were after, there's a third stage, one that will help you achieve other personal goals beyond weight loss and fitness: repeatability. You'll need to learn how to learn from your experience in a way that allows you to tackle the next challenge with the muscle memory that makes the process familiar and systematic.

Executives in every industry will recognize this home fitness analogy. It's the same situation that occurs when a company sets a goal like fostering closer collaboration between engineers and salespeople. The company installs new collaboration software, but nothing changes because the effort stalls at the installation stage. There's no program in place to encourage engineers to post their product plans to the new system or to motivate product managers to provide feedback. Even when those steps have been taken, it may require a couple of years to get true collaboration humming-when the plan says it should happen now.

The failure to achieve desired results is not new, of course, but it has become a major challenge for leaders who must manage under increased pressure. A seven-year study by Challenger, Gray & Christmas found that about 40 percent of new CEOs last an average of less than two years. Facing such odds, leaders often pursue the sort of sweeping transformational change that will give their companies a competitive edge, boost performance and ensure their own future at the helm. But the odds of implementing a successful change effort-whether it's a broad-ranging efficiency initiative or a shift in strategic focus-are even more daunting than that of CEO tenure. According to one well-quoted study that spanned industries and continents, more than 70 percent of change efforts fail.

Why is it so difficult to make change take root?

To learn more about the breakdowns, we analyzed the barriers to successful change management at 184 global companies. The study enabled us to identify predictable patterns of risks in a broad cross-section of change efforts. We found, for example, that about 65 percent of initiatives required significant behavioral change on the part of employees-something that managers often fail to consider and plan for in advance. Nearly 60 percent of the companies we analyzed lacked the right capabilities to deliver on their change plans. The same percentage of companies didn't have the appropriate individuals, structures and decision-making processes to drive the change initiatives. In addition, about 60 percent lacked the right metrics and incentives to make change efforts successful. And more than 63 percent of the companies faced high risks to their change efforts because of significant communications gaps between the leaders of the effort and the employees most affected by it.

These findings reinforce what decades of experience with clients have shown us: companies usually fall prey to three common change management myths, which lead to a superficial approach to change initiatives. Many companies assume they can get it done, for instance, with the right combination of strong incentives for their leaders and overlook the importance of building employee commitment during a change effort. The 30 percent of companies that succeed take a radically different course of action. They know that success requires leaders to learn and apply some counterintuitive strategies to change. Let's take a look at each one in turn.

Myth 1: As long as the effect on people is minimized, change will succeed

Reality: It's about helping people succeed despite their discomfort

Everybody knows that change starts by aligning people around a vision. But many organizations fail to win broad support, from the C-suite to the frontline. The reason for that is fundamental: change disrupts what people expect from their jobs and many leaders don't bother to anticipate-and plan for-the reactions of the individuals who will feel the impact the most. When people experience loss of control, many will do anything, even remain in unsatisfying situations, to try to reestablish some form of predictability. Readjusting expectations to the changed environment consumes mental, emotional and physical energy. Distracted employees cannot meet productivity and quality standards. That puts the core business at risk, and leaves people with little or no capacity to change the way they do their jobs.

Change leaders take four steps to help people succeed despite their discomfort.

• They start by identifying the employees most affected;
• They target those employees with early, effective communication that explains the reason for the change and creates a clear picture of the destination;
• They provide the dedicated leadership attention and support needed to manage the shock of change;
• They start by treating the leaders themselves as targets of the change.

In the earliest stage of a change effort, successful organizations ensure that the leaders who will lead the charge are on board. Workshops to co-create the ambition help the leadership team paint a clear picture of what the change will look like when it's finished. Senior leaders whose support and alignment are needed must be in the room when the vision takes shape. Co-creation enables them to adjust their expectations early and maintain some level of predictability even for radical change. Having taken part in the birthing process, they can brace themselves for what's coming and start projecting how they can succeed in this new reality.

When Merck KGaA, the German healthcare company, acquired US biotech equipment supplier Millipore last year, one of the first moves in the post-merger integration process was a series of workshops for executives from both companies. In the first workshop, participants focused on creating a vision for the combined entity. In the second, they drew up a more concrete view of the company's future state: What would the firm look like five years down the road? In the third, they defined the initiatives required to achieve full potential. When the vision, the future state and the firm's full potential are crafted with full participation by all members of the leadership team, the odds of success increase dramatically.

During the workshops, leaders develop a visual description that will resonate with the rest of the organization, translating it from a leftbrain analytical concept to a story with emotional appeal. When a healthcare company launched a major change effort to improve customer satisfaction, it started with the hospital registration process. Gathered together in a workshop, the company's leaders jointly developed a metaphor for the vision: hotel registration. People reserve rooms at a hotel in advance; why not apply the same model to hospital registration? A powerful metaphor helps people to visualize the change and can also drive the speed of the change management process: project teams can make the vast majority of decisions without input from top leaders because they have a clear vision of the goal.

Myth 2: So much about change is irrational and hard to predict

Reality: The risks of change are predictable, measurable and manageable

Most companies devote too little effort to predicting how the transformation will affect the organization. The leaders of a change effort tend to focus on limiting the risks by using the tools they most know about, such as incentives. But they leave a lot on the table by not using the full range of tools available to mitigate risks. And they often fail to distinguish when to use which risk mitigation tool.

Conduct a risk assessment to find the right mitigation tools

The fact is, every initiative has its own unique risk profile. Bain has identified 30 specific risks that threaten to disrupt change efforts, things like poor sponsorship and change overload. These risks tend to occur with predictable patterns over the life cycle of a change. But only a handful of these risks determine success or failure at each stage. At the beginning of a change initiative, for instance, if the senior sponsors are not aligned with a clear assessment of the organization's ability to deliver, they can't make an informed decision to move to the next stage.

A risk assessment enables a company to understand its risk profile and identify the four or five risks that pose the biggest threats, the sequence in which they will arise and the tools that will be most effective for containing and managing each risk. A starting point for any risk assessment is understanding the failure modes of an organization-what it did well or poorly in executing past change initiatives. Building from there, leaders can identify the handful of risks that will be most relevant at each stage of the process for their organization, and the specific actions to mitigate them. That allows management teams to focus risk mitigation on the things that really matter.

Armed with a risk assessment, leaders can move to the next stage by creating a Heat Map to identify those people most affected at each stage of a change initiative and the potential trouble spots in the organization. A simple version of the heat map provided one key to the successful Merck-Millipore integration. Managers drew up a two-by-two chart representing all groups in the organization across two dimensions: their importance in achieving the integration goals and the degree of likely disruption they would experience from the upcoming change. That allowed the management team to focus on supporting the people most important to the future success of the firm who faced the greatest risk of serious dislocation. The management team set about clarifying roles, helping to set priorities and providing focused change management support for the integration to succeed.

Myth 3: All you need is good leadership and day-to-day management

Reality: Disruption changes the rules of the game-and the patterns for success are often counterintuitive

When an organization experiences high levels of disruption, the management rules change. The practices and patterns that have proven effective for leading the organization break down when employees are struggling to understand what change means for them.

In high-stress situations, for example, people typically can only process-hear, understand and retain-20 percent of the information they receive. Studies have shown that attention spans are compressed; in fact, full attention lasts 12 minutes or less in these conditions, instead of an hour under normal circumstances. That means the messages about important changes have to be shorter, crisper and simpler. And in situations where they must deal with change, employees want to know that you care about how it will affect them first, before they hear your message about the details of the impending change.

Trouble is, companies typically fail to treat communication during times of high stress as anything out of the ordinary. They rely on institutional channels-webcasts, newsletters, companywide emails-when people want to hear directly from those in charge. Another common mistake: management teams often use language that people cannot understand and process in times of stress-dense, jargon-filled terms. They simply don't train their leaders in clear communication.

"High-stress" communication allows those affected by the change to hear the messages

Change leaders adjust communication methods in three ways to manage how a shaken workforce perceives the information. First, they keep the message concise, clear and brief, with a positive focus. Instead of seven points, they might boil the message down to just three key statements, and they speak for no more than 12 minutes. Second, they quickly establish themselves as trusted, credible and empathetic messengers before they even launch into their key messages. Employees typically decide within the first 30 seconds if leaders are credible and trustworthy, based on their perceived level of caring and empathy rather than expertise and competence. Third, people must hear the information from managers they trust, one on one. Initially, Merck Millipore relied primarily on an emailed newsletter and website to communicate details of its merger and pending integration, instead of arming supervisors to communicate directly with reports. When it later polled 3,900 employees on the effectiveness of its integration strategy, less than half said they understood the specifics of the change-a threat to any integration effort. The company adjusted its approach and immediately saw improvements in employee perception.

To change behavior, you need to change consequences

Effective communication is just the start. For any transformational change to succeed, people ultimately have to think and work differently. We've found that organizations typically spend about 90 percent of their effort on activities to "push" the change down the organization: designing-and then implementing-processes, training programs, organizational structures and communications that detail the new ways to work. In contrast, they invest very little effort in creating "pull" among people who are trying out new work behaviors. Researchers in the field of applied behavioral science have found that consequences such as real-time feedback loops and positive reinforcement are four times more powerful in encouraging new behavior than antecedents, all the activities designed to prompt new behaviors-everything from newly installed processes to revised role descriptions to training programs.

One bank invested heavily in a program for cross-selling products to customers. It implemented a system for alerting bank tellers about which customers would be suitable prospects, trained tellers how to sell and compensated tellers who successfully cross-sold. But the bank lacked a plan for changing employee behavior to make the new program a success.

When a teller would apply a new script to encourage cross-selling for a qualified customer, he or she would back away if the first customers were not receptive. The company realized it wasn't making progress, so it developed a thoughtful support plan. After witnessing an encounter with an impatient customer with no interest in the new product, a platform manager standing nearby would offer encouragement: "You handled that well. You were not defensive," she might say. "Remember, it's only one in five customers who will buy." That would encourage the teller to continue applying the script, and as he sold the new product to more clients, the rise in his performance metrics would motivate him further. Positive reinforcement that is immediate, relevant and consistent can be significantly more effective in changing employee behavior in the early stage than the lure of longer-term rewards.

Enlist sponsors at every level with a Sponsorship Spine

The truth is, change depends on the effectiveness of those providing the consequences-the sponsors of the change. But sponsorship is a cascading process and a "black hole" anywhere along the line will stop the change process below it. That's why it's essential to build a Sponsorship Spine from the bottom up. You can't really appoint sponsors. You start by targeting the people who will need to change. Then look through their eyes one level up to the person they trust who can provide them with effective communication and meaningful consequences. That's their sponsor. Now do it again. Look up from that sponsor to the next level up, to the person who can provide effective communication and meaningful consequences. In this way, companies can create an unbroken chain, with every level from the frontline to the C-suite clear about their roles and ready to engage. Each sponsor in the spine needs to be trained, coached and familiar with their roles.

It's critical that companies continually monitor the health of a Sponsorship Spine. People quickly revert to other priorities or stop taking a change initiative seriously. That creates black holes. When sponsors are proving ineffective, they should be coached or, if necessary, replaced.

Introducing the Change Cascade

One of the first applications of the Sponsorship Spine is a systematic Change Cascade. At each level of the organization, starting with the most senior people, management holds meetings to explain how leaders reached their decisions and to ask for input in areas where it is needed. The sponsor at each level leads the meeting, explains the change and requests feedback. Because this is done throughout the organization, it is important to ensure that everybody is touched-and that everybody hears about it from the person who matters to them most: the person with the standing to be their sponsor, typically their direct supervisor. The Change Cascade is the complete opposite of what typically happens when companies introduce a change effort: everybody in the organization tunes in for a video conference in which the CEO spells out far-reaching change plans, and when they turn to their supervisor to ask for clarification, the answer comes back: "I don't know. I just heard it at the same time as you did."

As part of Merck Millipore's merger integration effort, each supervisor hosted a series of facilitated sessions with their direct reports. Starting from the highest levels of the organization, sponsors explained the vision for the combined company, spelling out details of the changes occurring and answering questions. They clarified roles, established priorities and, in the case of employees from Millipore, explained Merck's core values. Afterwards, that direct report-now a sponsor-conducted a similar one-on-one dialogue with his or her direct reports. The process repeated itself throughout the entire organization. Such attention to detail has kept Merck Millipore focused on making its merger a success while protecting its core business, and maintaining the trust and credibility of its leadership to best-in-class levels.

Change takes time, focus, determination and planning for a future where, even with the best of intentions, things are likely to veer off course. That's why change leaders start with a clear understanding about the magnitude of the change and who will be affected. They have the discipline to conduct a thorough risk assessment, and they know how to apply the right mitigation tools at the right time. Success requires changes in behavior, and it takes courage and discipline. As anyone who has bought home gym equipment knows, the results don't happen by themselves.

Five guiding principles of change management

How can companies move from installation to realization and repeatability?
Five guiding principles can help you realize results consistently and predictably.

Balance ambition. Articulate a clear and compelling vision for where you're heading-but be realistic. Senior sponsors need to be aligned and committed to the vision, understand how disruptive the change is going to be and balance the ambition with the organization's capacity to absorb that change.

Mobilize leaders. Clearly define change roles, build a healthy Sponsorship Spine and solid engagement plans to enroll people to deliver the desired outcomes.

Change behaviors. Identify the few critical behaviors required to drive results; shift and reinforce behaviors by changing consequences and measuring progress.

Shape execution. Shorten your time to realization with a decision drumbeat that plans, tracks and measures progress and mitigates ongoing implementation risks.

Extend success. Create a new source of sustainable competitive advantage by investing in new capabilities that build a repeatable model for change. Build muscles that endure and get stronger through each cycle of change.

Patrick Litre is a partner with Bain & Company in Atlanta. Alan Bird is a Bain partner based in London. Gib Carey is a Bain partner based in Chicago. Paul Meehan, a partner in Hong Kong, is Bain's managing director for Asia-Pacific.

来源：《EMBA》